Insight Turkey / Commentaries

Path to Peace: “Principled Negotiation” for Azerbaijan and Armenia

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 14:09:00 GMT

This commentary examines the application of basic provisions of the principled negotiation method in the ongoing Armenia-Azerbaijan peace talks. Developed in the early 1980s by academics at the Harvard Negotiation Project, a distinctive feature of the principled method is the approach toward negotiations as a mutual search for a solution beneficial to all involved parties. Cooperation between the parties is vital to the process. Likewise, considering each other’s interests is also an indispensable part of the negotiations. The analysis argues that the principled negotiation method could bring security and long-lasting peace to the South Caucasus.

Algeria’s Diplomatic Mobility toward New Regional and International Prestige

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 13:59:00 GMT

Algeria’s tumultuous geopolitical environment has often pushed its leaders to reshape the country’s foreign policy and military doctrine objectives. Following the fall of the late President Abdelaziz Bouteflika in April 2019, Algeria entered a new phase of political transformation. The country’s growing diplomatic activity, aimed at achieving renewed regional and international prestige, reflects a strengthening of its new foreign policy paradigm, one characterized by active and preemptive diplomacy. President Abdelmadjid Tebboune’s administration seeks development and economic prosperity as a foundation for greater credibility in foreign policy. This ambition is closely linked to the domestic political reforms launched after his election in December 2019. There is no doubt that Algeria’s foreign policy behavior serves as a strategic tool for leadership, as its policymakers pursue a more assertive external posture that embodies the dynamics of peace and stability. This approach contributes to Algeria’s emerging doctrine of multilateral, platform-based diplomacy.

The UAE in Northeast Africa: Navigating the Ups and Downs of a ‘By Any Means Necessary’ Policy

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 13:48:00 GMT

Evidence shows that the UAE’s interest in Africa gained significant momentum in the post-2010 period. Principally anchored around economic and geopolitical aspirations, the UAE’s investment in the continent exceeds $60 billion. While the UAE significantly invested in various sectors, it also paid close attention to the geopolitical and strategic relevance of Africa. It has built ports and military outposts and engaged in security and defense cooperation and investments across the continent. In hindsight, we can reasonably extrapolate that the UAE’s geopolitical and strategic interests in Africa are mainly focused on three but not mutually exclusive goals: to stand out as a formidable power player in Africa and elsewhere, to fight the Muslim Brotherhood and other security threats, including al-Shabaab and the Houthis, and to protect its economic and strategic pursuits in Africa. However, drawing from various reports, research articles, news outlets, and other web-based sources, this analysis argues that behind this attractive smokescreen lurks a monarchy bent on achieving its aspirations anywhere and at any cost, and thus, by any means necessary in Africa.

The Hollow Promise of Recognition in the Shadow of the Genocide in Gaza

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 13:34:00 GMT

The recent wave of recognition of the Palestinian state comes at a moment when an unprecedented combination of Zionist settler-colonial eliminatory practices, including ethnic cleansing, urbicide, territorial appropriation, and genocide, threatens the very existence of the Palestinian people. This piece argues that such recognition is hollow, as it entails virtually no concrete measures to safeguard the people and territory, the two essential pillars of any statehood, of the purported Palestinian state. The terms of recognition bring the Palestinian people no closer to genuine freedom, self-determination, or sovereignty. Rather than compelling Israel to end the ongoing genocide, territorial appropriation, and systematic dispossession of the Palestinian people, this framework effectively rewards it through regional normalization while simultaneously undermining Palestinians’ moral and legal right to resist settler-colonialism and pursue their freedom. In practice, such recognition functions as a diplomatic gesture that provides political cover, diverting attention from the urgent need to terminate the Zionist settler-colonial project and its ongoing crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide.

Reflection on ADF2025: AI as Silent Superpower and Influencer for Africa

Wed, 23 Jul 2025 14:03:00 GMT

The Antalya Diplomacy Forum (ADF) 2025 convened during a time of global uncertainty, marked by conflicts, trade rivalries, and escalating AI-driven competition. Against this backdrop, Africa and Türkiye’s roles in diplomacy gained prominence, emphasizing equitable North-South and South-South partnerships. A key panel addressed Artificial Intelligence as a ‘silent superpower,’ exploring both its promise and its peril in shaping the global order. While AI holds the potential for solving complex challenges through investment in education, research, and collaboration, it also risks deepening global inequalities and undermining human agency. Particular attention was paid to Africa’s AI trajectory, from data governance to talent development and regulatory hurdles. The panel stressed the urgency of ethical frameworks, human-centered design, and international cooperation to ensure AI enhances global equity. ADF2025 catalyzed critical conversations on diplomacy and digital power, reaffirming Türkiye’s convening role in a fragmented international system. As a speaker on the panel, I will summarize my remarks in this commentary.

Geopolitical Implications of Israel’s June 13 Attacks against Iran: Changing Regional Power Balances

Wed, 23 Jul 2025 14:03:00 GMT

This commentary analyses Israel’s simultaneous air, cyber, and covert strike against Iran on June 13, 2025, from a regional security perspective. It explores the operation’s impact on Iran’s military doctrine and nuclear program, the coercive diplomacy dimension of U.S.–Israeli strategic coordination, and the repercussions for Tehran’s deterrence capability. The findings show that integrating superior technology with advanced intelligence assets has recalibrated the conflict’s dynamics, exposing vulnerabilities in Iran’s decision-making and response mechanisms even as its capacity for retaliation endures. The study also assesses the long-term implications of Türkiye’s mediation initiatives and the region’s heightened defense measures for Middle Eastern power balances. It concludes that the June 13 operation underscores the potential of cutting-edge military technologies to reshape the regional security architecture.

President Xi Jinping’s Perception of the Main Entities in Technological Innovation and China’s Technological Innovation System

Wed, 23 Jul 2025 13:48:00 GMT

China has developed a distinct technological innovation system through its innovation-driven development strategy, positioning enterprises as key drivers. Different enterprise types contribute uniquely, while national laboratories lead in frontier research. The country is restructuring State Key Laboratories and strengthening discipline-based ones. Research institutes and universities form the core of scientific advancement and talent cultivation, with mission-driven institutions addressing major national challenges. Key regions like Beijing, Shanghai, and the Greater Bay Area are being developed into global innovation hubs with broad influence. This commentary will analyze these components in detail.

The Global Data Supply-Chain for Artificial Intelligence and Its Paradoxes

Wed, 23 Jul 2025 13:40:00 GMT

Data are a crucial aspect of deep learning models and the groundwork for contemporary artificial intelligence. While it is common to point out biases within datasets, far less attention has been given to the global relations that make data and the limits of representing complex scenarios associated with conflict. This paper makes three interventions: (1) it describes how the idea of a global supply chain applies not only to the semiconductors needed for large-scale AI workloads but also to data; (2) it points out that a global data supply chain cannot be analogized to natural resources because data are representations; and (3) it considers the limitations of large-language models to address complexity and uncertainty through a ChatGPT analysis of the current conflicts in the Sahel. Without deeper consideration of the limits of data collection and uncertainties that will persist in conflict, military AI will not function as expected. Worldwide, we need deeper debate about the purpose of military AI, as the technology alone cannot be an end unto itself.

AI Technologies in Intercultural Communication: Opportunities or Consequences?

Wed, 23 Jul 2025 13:34:00 GMT

This paper examines the application of technologies in the context of intercultural communication to determine the opportunities and consequences associated with the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The use of technology of different forms can be remarkable tools that offer effective channels to help bridge cultural barriers, promote knowledge of shared interests and navigate challenges associated with accessing people at different locations. With a focus on AI, this paper evaluates the impacts of AI technologies on human communication. It further examines the social consequences of AI attributes, the opportunities resulting from AI usage in transforming the world into a digital age. The extent to which AI technologies may result in difficulties were identified using examples from different regions. As a result, rational deduction from this paper is to adopt AI technologies in the context of intercultural communication with caution, understanding its dual effects on communication outcomes in a diverse, yet digital world.

Digital Geopolitics and U.S.-China Competition

Wed, 23 Jul 2025 13:29:00 GMT

The wide range of digital technologies, coupled with their strategic indispensability, not only reshapes traditional international relations; it systematically institutionalizes digital geopolitics as an emergent field in which technological capabilities become the new currency of state power. The profound convergence of digital technologies, including information and communication technologies (ICTs), big data, and artificial intelligence (AI), with human society and daily life, consequently, further amplifies the influence of digital geopolitics on great power competition. The leading status of the technological landscape between the U.S. and China is set to solidify further, both in terms of material strength and the international community's recognition. Simultaneously, the profound impact of U.S.-China tech competition on the power architecture of the digital space demands scrutiny: What strategic assets and competitive advantages are these nations vying for within this contested domain? Will these two powers indeed converge toward a tech Cold War? The resolutions to this complex array of questions will prove instrumental in determining the trajectory of the future international order, with a focus on how U.S.-China competition over digital technologies redefines global strategic balance.

Key Advances in the Research, Development, and Innovation Ecosystem of Türkiye

Wed, 23 Jul 2025 13:17:00 GMT

This commentary outlines Türkiye’s significant progress in advancing its research, development, and innovation (RDI) ecosystem, led by TÜBİTAK in alignment with the National Technology Move and the Twelfth Development Plan. Key strategic objectives include fostering high-technology production, enabling digital and green transitions, and boosting global competitiveness. TÜBİTAK plays a central role in supporting artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, and aerospace advancements through national infrastructure, human capital development, and international cooperation. Highlights include the development of Türkiye’s national supercomputer, a Turkish Large Language Model, and breakthroughs in quantum sensing and post-quantum cryptography. TÜBİTAK also mobilizes young talent through TEKNOFEST and Deneyap Ateliers while strengthening bilateral scientific ties. The establishment of the National Quantum Institute and the successful launch of the indigenous satellite TÜRKSAT 6A are key milestones. This integrated and impact-driven ecosystem positions Türkiye as a global actor, shaping the future of critical technologies in line with its vision for 2053.

Türkiye’s National Technology Move amid Global Shifts

Wed, 23 Jul 2025 13:01:00 GMT

This commentary examines Türkiye’s National Technology Move as a timely and determined response to major shifts in the global industrial and geopolitical landscape. Far beyond a conventional policy plan, it signals a decisive commitment to advancing technological capability and achieving innovation leadership on the global stage. By highlighting tangible progress in key areas—such as indigenous defense systems, electric mobility, satellite programs, artificial intelligence, and the twin digital-green transformation—it shows how strategic coherence across policy, industry, and talent can build sustainable technological capacity. Finally, it argues that Türkiye’s commitment to technological sovereignty and inclusive innovation will shape its role as a trusted producer, global partner, and inspiring example for other emerging economies navigating the complex dynamics of the 21st century’s technology-driven global order.

From Dictatorship to Transition: Syria’s Future in a Changing Middle East

Thu, 10 Apr 2025 16:51:00 GMT

On December 8, 2024 the nearly 60-year-long Baathist dictatorship in Syria, led by the Assad regime, came to an end following a 12-day military operation. As the country undergoes a transformative period where the state system is being rebuilt from the ground up, the post-revolution era has drawn significant attention from regional and international actors. At the forefront of this transition, revolutionary leader and head of the transitional government, Ahmed al-Sharaa, faces numerous economic, security, and socio-political challenges. This commentary aims to provide a perspective on Syria's future by exploring both the optimistic and pessimistic scenarios. Additionally, it examines the country's regional and global significance, focusing on the obstacles ahead, including sanctions. Furthermore, it analyzes Türkiye's role as a key stakeholder in the Syrian crisis, evaluating its national security concerns, economic interests, and political influence from a socio-political standpoint.

BRICS and the Challenges of the International System Ahead

Thu, 10 Apr 2025 16:38:00 GMT

The evolving international system is undergoing significant structural transformations, marked by shifting economic power, geopolitical realignments, and challenges to traditional governance mechanisms. As a response to these dynamics, BRICS has emerged as a strategic partnership advocating for a multipolar world order that reflects the interests of the Global South and East. This study examines BRICS' expansion, institutional development, and initiatives in areas such as trade, finance, technological innovation, and climate action. Through its flexible and consensus-driven approach, BRICS has positioned itself as a non-Western framework fostering economic cooperation and sustainable development. The analysis underscores BRICS' role in reshaping international governance structures as well as tackling the increasing fragmentation of global trade, geopolitical instability, and the digital divide.

The Last Economic Stronghold of the Atlantic Alliance: OECD

Thu, 10 Apr 2025 16:24:00 GMT

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has played a critical role in shaping global economic norms, policies, and regulatory frameworks since its establishment in 1961. The OECD has evolved into a multilateral institution that seeks to promote economic cooperation, trade liberalization, and sustainable development. Over the decades, its membership has expanded to include key economies beyond its original Western-centric base, reflecting its strategic adaptation to shifting geopolitical and economic realities. Türkiye, as a founding member, has actively contributed to the OECD’s agenda, particularly in addressing the Global North-South divide and fostering inclusive international dialogue. This commentary examines the OECD’s role in global governance, analyzing its institutional strengths, limitations, and the strategic engagement of significant countries like Türkiye. The study explores how the OECD navigates contemporary challenges such as digital transformation and artificial intelligence regulation while assessing Türkiye’s positioning within these multilateral policy frameworks.

Türkiye and the OIC: Navigating Challenges and Strengthening Alliances

Thu, 10 Apr 2025 16:11:00 GMT

The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) represents the collective voice of the Muslim world, uniting 57 member states across four continents to address political, economic, and security challenges. As the second-largest intergovernmental organization after the United Nations, the OIC has sought to promote solidarity, economic development, and conflict resolution among its members. However, institutional constraints, geopolitical divisions, and external pressures have often hindered its effectiveness in global governance. This analysis critically examines the OIC’s role in international politics, highlighting both its achievements and limitations. The study also explores Türkiye’s contributions to the OIC, assessing its leadership role and diplomatic strategies within the organization. By analyzing the OIC’s engagement with global governance frameworks, the paper argues that while the organization remains a crucial platform for Muslim-majority states, its long-term impact will depend on structural reforms, strengthened economic diplomacy, and enhanced cooperation among member states.

The Future of Türkiye-NATO Relations in Light of the Strained Transatlantic Dialogue

Thu, 10 Apr 2025 15:39:00 GMT

This commentary aims to assess the impact of the changing approach of the U.S. under Trump's second administration on transatlantic relations, the future of NATO, its engagement in the war in Ukraine, and the prospects for further expansion toward the east. The paper also aims to shed light on how these developments may affect the future of Türkiye-NATO relations. While Türkiye remains a critical NATO member due to its strategic geography and military capabilities, domestic skepticism towards the Alliance has grown in response to unresolved disputes and perceived double standards. The commentary ultimately underscores that Türkiye’s future in NATO will depend on the Alliance’s ability to reconcile internal divisions, recalibrate its strategic vision, and balance Türkiye’s security concerns with broader transatlantic priorities.

The UN System and Türkiye on Its 80th Anniversary: Quest for Peace through Multilateralism

Thu, 10 Apr 2025 14:39:00 GMT

Since 1945, the United Nations (UN) has played a central role in shaping the global order through its laws, norms, and institutions. As a founding member, Türkiye has consistently engaged with the UN, balancing its commitment to multilateralism with evolving national interests. This study examines Türkiye’s role within the UN system, exploring its historical trajectory, pursuit of legitimacy, and status as an emerging power. While Türkiye remains committed to the UN’s ideals, it also advocates for institutional reforms, as reflected in President Erdoğan’s call that “The World Is Bigger than Five.” Türkiye’s engagement spans the “Three UNs” framework, contributing to the organization’s normative, bureaucratic, and operational dimensions. Despite the challenges, Türkiye continues to see the UN as a crucial platform for multilateral diplomacy and global governance.

War as the True Adversary and Türkiye’s Pivotal Role in Forging Peace

Thu, 09 Jan 2025 20:27:00 GMT

The central thesis of this article depends on deterrence theory and posits that nuclear war, rather than any specific nation or faction, constitutes the true adversary in the Russia-Ukraine conflict and that averting nuclear escalation must be prioritized above all else. After establishing the rationale for this position, the commentary offers a critical analysis of both Western and Russian policies, highlighting their role in intensifying the conflict without sufficiently accounting for the risks of nuclear confrontation. As an alternative peaceful path, the article examines the Turkish approach as a concise applied case study, emphasizing its balanced diplomatic and military engagement with both Ukraine and Russia. Through its promotion of dialogue and facilitation of peace negotiations, Türkiye exemplifies a strategic approach to conflict resolution that aims not only to prevent further escalation —especially the threat of nuclear conflict— but also to pave the way toward sustainable peace.

The Second Trump Administration and Its Implications to the Global Order

Thu, 09 Jan 2025 20:13:00 GMT

The prospect of a second Trump term has reignited global apprehensions, sparking renewed debates about the future trajectory of U.S. foreign policy and its broader implications for international relations. Would his administration once again pursue the "America First" approach, marked by isolationist tendencies, weakened multilateral frameworks, strained alliances, and often unpredictable policymaking style? Or might it chart a new path, potentially adapting to shifting global realities and responding to mounting challenges with a more measured and conciliatory strategy? This commentary seeks to delve into the heart of these debates by examining three key pillars: Trump’s prior foreign policy decisions and their long-term impacts, his current campaign promises and rhetoric, and the evolving geopolitical challenges that await the U.S. on the world stage. Would a second term amplify the unpredictability of his first, further eroding trust in the U.S. as a global leader, or might it reflect lessons learned, offering a recalibrated strategy aimed at balancing national interests with global responsibilities.

Understanding Iran’s Position in the Post-October 7 Middle East

Thu, 09 Jan 2025 19:48:00 GMT

On October 7, the Middle East witnessed a dramatic shift that reshaped geopolitical and security dynamics. Iran's central role in this transformation has not been limited to influencing the Israel-Palestine conflict but has also produced significant implications for regional stability and global power competition. While Iran denied its organizational role in Hamas's Operation al-Aqsa Flood, Tehran's “forward defense” approach has facilitated a new dynamic of wearing down Israel through its regional armed partners while avoiding direct confrontation. This dynamic has created the risk of direct conflict and even war between Iran and Israel. Categorically avoiding the option of war, Iran has made strategic use of regional diplomacy, particularly its rapprochement with Gulf states such as Saudi Arabia. However, Iran's domestic challenges, anticipated policy shifts in the U.S. under Trump, and regional rivalries complicate Tehran's position. This commentary examines Iran's policy toward Israel from historical, strategic, and contemporary perspectives. It explores the strategic calculations and balancing actions and mechanisms implemented by Iran in the post-October 7 period to avoid a full-scale war in the region.

Post-Sinwar Hamas and Palestinian Resistance

Thu, 09 Jan 2025 19:15:00 GMT

This commentary examines the effects of the martyrdom of Yahya Sinwar, the head of the political bureau of the Islamic Resistance Movement Hamas, as the mastermind of Operation al-Aqsa Flood, on the Palestinian resistance, on the ceasefire agreement, and on the future of the Hamas movement. The commentary posits that Sinwar’s martyrdom confirmed the Israeli occupation’s chronic failure to understand the mentality of the Palestinian resistance on October 7. The occupation’s failure to expect Sinwar to be fighting on the front lines, as well as its expectation of the weakness of the resistance after Sinwar’s martyrdom, serves as additional evidence that the primary characteristic of the Israeli occupation is its lack of understanding of the resistance's mentality and Palestinian society. The commentary predicts that this characteristic will persist, causing the occupation to continue its crimes and inflict irreparable damage upon itself.

Gaza War: New Opportunities and Challenges for Iran

Wed, 09 Oct 2024 17:05:00 GMT

The Iranian decision not to immediately retaliate against Israel for the assassination of Hamas political leader Ismail Haniyeh in Tehran on July 31, 2024, in part reflects a concerted effort by regional, Chinese, Russian, and Western diplomats to convince Iran that de-escalation and diplomacy was the wiser course. It also reflects recognition by the new administration of President Masoud Pezeshkian –whose inauguration preceded the Haniyeh killing by only a few hours– that such a military retaliation would likely provoke a massive Israeli response backed by the U.S. and other Western allies that would doom Iran’s chances of re-engaging with the West and relieving onerous economic sanctions. A wider conflict between Israel and Hezbollah across the Israel-Lebanon border does not appear to have changed this calculus for Iran, which is confronting severe domestic economic problems and a growing gap between the regime and society. Still, any progress in improving U.S.-Iran relations will have to await the results of U.S. presidential elections.

Sinwar’s Rise in Hamas: An In-depth Analysis of Internal Dynamics and Regional Interactions

Wed, 09 Oct 2024 17:04:00 GMT

This commentary examines the implications of Yahya Sinwar’s election as the new head of Hamas following the assassination of Ismail Haniyeh. It highlights Hamas’ internal adaptability and the significance of its electoral processes in a context marked by external pressures and regional dynamics. The assassination is analyzed not only as a tactical operation by Israeli forces but also as a strategic move aimed at destabilizing Hamas internally and undermining its regional alliances, including efforts toward Palestinian reconciliation. Sinwar’s leadership is framed within the broader historical and organizational context of Hamas, emphasizing his rise due to his involvement in key military operations and his status as a founding member. The commentary further explores the potential ramifications of Sinwar’s leadership for Hamas’ organizational cohesion and regional relations, particularly in light of Operation al-Aqsa Flood and the anticipated role of external actors like Iran and Hezbollah. Ultimately, this analysis sheds light on how Hamas navigates its internal challenges and external relationships amid ongoing conflict, underscoring the complexities that define its political trajectory in a rapidly changing regional landscape.

‘Solidarity of Action:’ Is Africa Reclaiming Its Historic Role as the Center of Palestinian Solidarity?

Wed, 09 Oct 2024 17:03:00 GMT

Solidarity against the colonial regime is one of the keys to overcoming the oppressor. This is why the 20th century, which is seen as the century of decolonization, experienced many demonstrations of solidarity from Africa to America. Palestine’s long resistance against the Israeli colonial project should be considered as another decolonization movement. Unfortunately, many Arab regimes have not shown solidarity with Palestine in recent years. While the Arab states have hesitated to show full solidarity, it is the African continent that has stepped in, internationalizing the debate regarding genocide. This is, indeed, not limited to Africa. South American states also show their support for Palestine and have halted their relations with Israel. How do we make sense of this solidarity, from Namibia to South Africa and from Nicaragua to Cuba? This commentary analyzes the evolution of Global South solidarity with Palestine since the foundation of Israel, with a more focused focus on the African continent. It demonstrates that as decolonial nations, African states have once again shown their solidarity with Palestine, even though there have been some hesitant times due to realpolitik and the U.S. role in protecting Israel’s status.

The Terrorist Networks and Their Posing Threats: The Case of the Horn of Africa

Wed, 09 Oct 2024 17:02:00 GMT

This study examines the evolution and impact of terrorist networks in the Horn of Africa, primarily focusing on Somalia and the surrounding region. Following the 9/11 attacks, the Horn of Africa emerged as a critical front in global counter-terrorism efforts due to the presence of groups like al-Shabaab and ISIS. This paper explores these groups’ organizational structures, strategies, and operations, highlighting their adaptability, resilience, and the sociopolitical dynamics that have enabled them to thrive. It delves into the persistent challenges faced by Somalia, including political fragmentation, economic deprivation, and the complex interplay of local and international actors, such as the United States and Türkiye. The study emphasizes the need for a multifaceted approach to counter-terrorism that integrates military, political, and diplomatic strategies, addressing the immediate security threats and the underlying causes of extremism. By analyzing current counter-terrorism efforts and their limitations, this paper offers strategic recommendations to achieve long-term stability in the region.

Türkiye Multilateral Relationship: The Case of East Africa, IGAD, and EAC

Wed, 09 Oct 2024 16:59:00 GMT

The 21st century geopolitical landscape has experienced a significant shift towards multidimensional cooperation and partnerships that transcend traditional borders. Türkiye, with its unique geographic position bridging Europe and Asia, has emerged as a prominent player in fostering diplomatic and economic relationships across continents. In recent years, Türkiye has particularly focused on East Africa, as well as its associations with regional bodies such as the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and the East African Community (EAC). This commentary examines the opportunities and challenges that characterize Türkiye’s interactions with these regions, evaluating the potential benefits and areas of friction in advancing these partnerships.

Recent Miracle in the Turkish Vocational Education and Training System

Mon, 08 Jul 2024 17:31:00 GMT

This commentary examines the transformation of vocational education in Türkiye, addressing its challenges, innovations, and impacts. Türkiye’s system, including the Vocational and Technical Anatolian High School (MTAL) and the Vocational Training Center (MESEM), has historically faced difficulties due to policies like the “coefficient application,” which restricted access to higher education for vocational graduates. Recent reforms, such as a revamped management model, industry collaboration, enhanced production processes, and integration of research and development (R&D) and intellectual property (IP) culture, have increased enrollment rates, improved education quality, and enabled rapid production of essential goods during crises. These changes have also advanced vocational training in the defense industry, attracting top-performing students. Consequently, these reforms have addressed vocational education challenges and contributed to societal improvements, including reduced youth unemployment and increased women’s employment, positioning Türkiye as a model for vocational education globally.

Syria’s Political Stalemate: International Efforts and Regional Dynamics

Mon, 08 Jul 2024 17:26:00 GMT

International efforts to find a political solution to the conflict in Syria began early on in the war. The Arab League was the first body to attempt to mediate, starting in late 2012, but these efforts faltered due to the refusal of the regime –emboldened by the political support of Russia and China– to make a single concession, despite being on the back foot militarily. In 2015, new international efforts were launched to resolve the crisis. The U.S. and Russia reached an agreement over the formulation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 2254, which became the basis of UN-led negotiations between the opposition and the regime, including discussions on constitutional reform that began in 2019. However, more than a decade into the conflict, a political solution still appears distant, and is now closely linked to the fate of the foreign forces present in the country. The regime is no longer solely responsible for obstructing a solution. The presence on the ground of its allies, Russia and Iran, adds additional obstacles. It is no longer possible to formulate a peace deal without addressing the security concerns and various interests of foreign forces in Syria.

Hezbollah’s Shortsighted Strategy for the War in Gaza

Mon, 08 Jul 2024 17:21:00 GMT

This commentary argues that Hezbollah felt duty-bound to open a front in Southern Lebanon to ease Israel’s military pressure on Hamas. Hezbollah indicated that its participation in the war will continue until reaching a ceasefire between Israel and Hamas, apparently expecting the hostilities to last only for a few weeks. However, the war dragged on for months as Israel pledged to keep it going until destroying Hamas and, contrary to what Hezbollah expected, pushing it away from the border area to ensure the safety of its residents in the upper Galilee settlements. The fighting in Southern Lebanon turned into a war of attrition against Hezbollah as Israel eliminated most of its field commanders by drone attacks. Should Israel succeed in evicting Hezbollah from the border area, it would lose its claim to resistance to liberate Lebanese territory still occupied by Israel, increasing the pressure on it to disarm like all other Lebanese factions when the civil war ended in 1989.